Biochemical and Immunological Insights into Long COVID: Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and Clinical Management

Authors

  • Safa Amer Ali Ph.D. in Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hammurabi University College, Babylon, Iraq
  • Marwa A Ali Veterinary Medicine Collage, Al-Qasim Green University,51013 Babylon, Iraq
  • Mohammed Amer Ali M.B.Ch.B., College of Medicine, Al-Ameed University, Karbala, Iraq
Vol. 2 No. 10 (2025): World of Medicine : Journal of Biomedical Sciences
Articles
October 15, 2025

Downloads

A complex, multisystemic illness, long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), lasts longer than four weeks following the acute phase of COVID-19. It affects between 10–30% of those who are recovering. from infection, regardless of initial disease severity. Characterized by fatigue, cognitive impairment, dyspnea, autonomic dysregulation, and multiple systemic abnormalities, Long COVID poses a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. This review explores the current understanding of its biochemical and immunological mechanisms, emerging biomarkers, clinical manifestations, and management strategies.