Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy and Its Impact on Maternal and Fetal Health

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent nutritional disorder during pregnancy and remains a major public health concern worldwide. It significantly affects both maternal well-being and fetal development, increasing the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and perinatal mortality. Despite global preventive strategies, IDA continues to be highly prevalent, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This article examines the etiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, maternal and fetal consequences, and current prevention and management strategies of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. The study applies an analytical review of contemporary clinical guidelines and epidemiological data to highlight the clinical significance of early diagnosis and timely intervention. Emphasis is placed on antenatal screening, iron supplementation protocols, and dietary interventions as key components of prevention. Strengthening maternal health programs and ensuring access to micronutrient supplementation can substantially reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with iron deficiency anemia.