The Multifaceted Effects of SARS-Cov-2: From Respiratory Illness to Long COVID Complications

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has dramatically changed the global health landscape. COVID-19 has demonstrated an unprecedented ability to cause a range of disease severities and complications, affecting nearly every organ system. Although the primary focus has been on its respiratory manifestations, it has become evident that COVID-19 can cause multisystem complications. These range from mild symptoms to severe, life-threatening conditions, even long after the acute infection. Diabetes has emerged as a major risk factor for severe COVID-19, with diabetic individuals experiencing higher rates of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Chronic hyperglycemia impairs immune function, and the virus may worsen glycemic control through its interaction with the ACE2 receptor, which is expressed in pancreatic cells. COVID-19 may lead to new-onset diabetes due to direct viral damage to pancreatic cells or stress hyperglycemia. The long-term affect of COVID-19 on global health systems remains considerable, with ongoing research critical for understanding complications, optimizing treatment protocols, and improving patient outcomes. Key areas of focus include managing comorbidities like diabetes, preventing severe complications like ARDS and thrombosis, and addressing long COVID's chronic effects. Understanding the spectrum of COVID-19 complications is crucial for improving patient management and preventing long-term health consequences. This article provides an overview of the virus’s structure, transmission mechanisms, and clinical manifestations, complications and impact on global health.