Periodontitis: Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Advances in Treatment Strategies

Abstract

Periodontitis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that results in the progressive destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth ultimately leading to tooth loss if untreated. It is caused by the complex interaction between microbial plaque, bacterial biofilms and the host immune-inflammatory response. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and contemporary treatment strategies of periodontitis. Emphasis is placed on recent advances, including regenerative procedures, host modulation therapies, and novel pharmacologic approaches, highlighting the importance of individualized patient care and evidence-based treatment plans.