Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Neonatal Jaundice

Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common clinical conditions observed during the early neonatal period and remains a significant public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It is characterized by elevated serum bilirubin levels resulting from an imbalance between bilirubin production and elimination. While physiological jaundice occurs in the majority of newborns and is generally benign, pathological forms may lead to severe complications, including acute bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus, if not diagnosed and managed promptly.The pathogenesis of neonatal jaundice is multifactorial and includes increased bilirubin production due to enhanced hemolysis, immature hepatic conjugation mechanisms, and delayed intestinal excretion. In Uzbekistan, neonatal jaundice continues to be frequently reported in maternity hospitals, especially among preterm infants and newborns with perinatal risk factors such as birth asphyxia, infections, and blood group incompatibility. Limited access to early screening tools and variability in postnatal follow-up further contribute to delayed detection in some regions.