Pterygium: Current Insights into Etiology, Pathogenesis, And Highly Effective Surgical Treatment Methods

This review article summarizes current scientific evidence on the pathogenesis of pterygium, considering molecular, clinical, and environmental factors. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of ultraviolet radiation in generating reactive oxygen species, disrupting p53 gene function, and altering cell-cycle regulation in limbal epithelial cells. The contribution of tear-film instability, reduced tear production, and chronic ocular-surface inflammation to disease onset and progression is discussed. Recent studies linking pterygium to oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, and impaired epithelial repair mechanisms are analyzed. The presented data provide a deeper understanding of the disease pathogenesis and may serve as a basis for developing improved approaches to prevention and treatment.