Methods for Identifying the Main Pathogens of Pneumonia and Analytical Assessment of the Importance of Microbiological Analysis

Abstract

In developed nations, community-acquired pneumonia is the leading cause of infection-related deaths and the third leading cause of death overall. Even though international health programs generally follow recommendations for handling this illness model, new information keeps coming to light that causes dispute or necessitates revising its management. The most crucial aspects of this process are reviewed in this study, including the diagnostic management in various clinical contexts and an aetiologic update utilizing novel molecular platforms or imaging modalities. Additionally, it goes over the requirements for clinical stability to discharge as well as admission to the intensive care unit. Lastly, an overview of the primary immunization and preventative options for immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts is provided. The most dangerous type of community-acquired pneumonia is severe, which is marked by significant morbidity and fatality rates as well as admission to an intensive care unit. Six remaining debatable elements of severe community-acquired pneumonia are thoroughly covered in this review article: PCR molecular techniques for microbial diagnosis; biomarkers for initial management; duration of treatment, use of macrolides or quinolones in the initial empirical antibiotic therapy; modification of initial empirical therapy based on prediction scores for drug-resistant pathogens; use of high-flow nasal oxygen and noninvasive mechanical ventilation; and corticosteroid use as an adjuvant therapy for severe community-acquired pneumonia. An overview of the microbiological causes, diagnostic techniques, and epidemiology of severe pneumonia will be provided in this paper. The topic of management will next be covered, including the use of adjuvant medicines, antimicrobial therapy, respiratory support, and complication prevention.